(Photo taken at Sarnath, India...the location of Buddhas first sermon and the First Turn or Cycle of the Dharma Wheel) I am often asked about the Yanas (or Vehicles/Paths) of Buddhism, more often though when talking about Buddhism with people, even fellow practicing Buddhists, they are unaware of the meaning or even that there is a difference in the paths chosen. Here I will talk of the Three Vehicles or Paths (yanas) that a practioner can follow on his/her path to acheiving enlightenment.
The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel (known as the Traditional Way of the Elders, called Theravada, and inaccurately sometimes referred to as Hinayana) includes the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, the Three Marks or Characteristics of Existence (impermanence, not-self, and suffering), and interdependent co-origination (how everything comes about through cause and effect). This often is described as the Way of individual liberation, purification, and highly positive behaviour. It is known as the Arhant's (or saint's) Way. This Theravadin Way stresses insight, purification, morality, restraint, nonharming, renunciation, and simplicity. Ancient scriptures say that on this path one will reach liberation within seven lifetimes after the initial enlightenment experience.
The Second Turning or Cycle of the Dharma Wheel (known as Mahayana) emphasizes sunyata, which means infinite emptiness and radiant openness. This is the heroic Bodhisattva's way of universal enlightenment; this path emphasizes the union of wisdom and compassion and unselfish attitudes. The Mahayana stresses compassion, the wisdom of emptiness, openness, altruism, and fearless courage. This path can culminate in full enlightenment within a few lifetimes.
The Third Turning or Cycle of the Dharma Wheel (known as Vajrayana) emphasizes innate Buddha-nature - spontaneous, fertile, and luminous. It elucidates non-dual tantra, unveiling the utter inseperability of nirvana and samsara, the sacred and the mundane, or heaven and earth. The Vajrayana stresses transformation, energy, empowerment, and dynamic skillful means. In this path, enlightenment has often been achieved within a single lifetime.
Historically the Southern schools in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia stressed the classical Hinayana and Theravada; the Northern schools in Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, China, and Japan emphasized the Mahayana and Tantric Vajrayana.
According to various lineages of Tibet, a secret Fourth Turning or Cycle of the Dharma Wheel is taught. This is the consummate and ultimate Buddhist teaching known in Tibet as Dzogchen (pronounced Zol-Chin). Considered the most direct non-dual approach to awakening the Buddha within, Dzogchen stresses non-duality, ecstatic spontaneity, and the natural great perfection of things just the way they are. Dzogchen masters teach that one can achieve enlightenment in this very lifetime, even in as few as three to seven years through assidious practice.
Interestingly enough, as the turning progresses the path to enlightenment is shorter...here it has to be said that also from Hinayana through to Dzogchen...at first it is easy to teach but hard for the student to realize, to Dzogchen that is hard to teach but once realized easy to embrace. For people interested in Buddhism they will become drawn to a path that feels right for them...this is not a competition to see who gets there first, taking a Dzogchen path is not favoured over Hinayana or Theravada...PLUS! very important! These paths are SERIOUS, if practiced incorrectly it is said that a person can to damage to past karmas and end this life in lower realms.
I have met many people that have been drawn into Buddhism with their first serious experience being Vipassana (insight meditation) but through a Theravadin school (most popular). Aspects of the meditation retreat are different depending on what Yana is related to the school...the end goal is different for different yanas, and the way to get their is also. I urge people to explore the Yanas if interested in Buddhism to find a clearer path for oneself. The Yana for you will be obvious when found. Enjoy the journey!